Category Archives: computer

Taking the leap

After having ignored Web 2.0 and their facebooks and twitters of the world, I’ve finally decided to join the flock and take the leap with google+.
The main reason for this change of mind is really networking. I believe that in our globalized world this is the fastest, and easiest way to stay in touch with people around the world. Sure I give up privacy, but the perceived advantages outweighs the downside of careful use of this technology. I just have to keep reminding me that there’s no delete button on the internet.

Start.

Fab Tour

Today I had the privilege to tour our new semiconductor fab in Austin. Since Samsung started its memory business, it has expanded capacity and announced last year to produce logic chips (microprocessor). To do so, they added a new fab and invested $3.6 billion!
Last time that I’ve been inside a fab was more than ten years ago, as manufacturers guard their production lines to avoid unnecessary contamination as well as know-how leakage.
So I felt very fortunate to tour the most advanced production facility currently in the US, bar none. Samsung produces the latest state of the art chips in its most advanced process technology.
So we walked up to the third floor to enter the new facility. The two floors below are purely for supplies – delivered from a less clean environment. It took us a good 15 min to get everybody in the group gowned up into their bunny suits. Shoe liners, hair net, hood, mask, gown, over-boots, glove liners and gloves made up our outfits, anonymizing everybody by making them look the same.
Then we entered through the air showers into a humongous production hall, that was loud, bright, mostly white and: deserted by people.
The state of the art production process actually requires very little human intervention, the wafers are handled fully automatically by a transportation system with pods that run on rails under the ceiling. They zoom from machine to machine and deliver their goods for the next process step. Technicians are only inside the fab to trouble shoot equipment, analyze failures or to load and unload the pods at the beginning or the end of the production run. Everything else happens by magic. When I walked the endless aisles of insanely expensive machinery I couldn’t help but feeling being transplanted into the middle of a strange spaceship. Wafer pods zooming by ahead at blazing speeds, a sudden warning sound and a box of wafers being dropped off at the machine from the ceiling, just 2 feet away. The belts extend, drop off the container zoom up to the pod again, and the pod disappears, only to let the machine go about its business of processing the wafers inside the container. The container and the machine dock in an air tight seal. The inside contains the truly clean air, the outside, where we walk is just seriously clean, not insanely clean. 🙂
We get to see the metal, ion implant, etching, wafer loading and finally lithography – these beasts cost multiple tens of millions of dollars per machine and there are several of them. I suddenly understand how the price of $3.6billion came to pass. Each of the pods above has the value of a top of the line family sedan.
We walk, sweat, barely hear each other over the white noise of the air conditioning system and the machines. Then suddenly the light changes from white to yellow as we enter another part of the fab. Everything is yellow, what was bright white before. This marks the border to the new part of the fab – cross contamination with the white production line is not allowed.
As we cross through the gangway into the adjacent production hall the pods zoom along above our heads to deliver the wafer material to the other building. There, an older part of the process is housed. The older generation handling robots are immediately apparent, as they drive on the ground in their own aisles. It immediately reminds me of the movie “Wally”. Two different generation of robots working in the same space side by side, but keeping out of each other’s way. Still no people! We pass by some installation crews, hovering over an opening in the floor with schematics in hand and large wires coming up from below. Everyone of them nicely bunnied up, no dirt here!
It’s like from a scene from “The Enterprise”. We continue our tour through the second part of the fab, tour the test lab facility and finish with the station that packages the wafers for shipping. We leave the fab through the changing rooms and are happy to don our outfits for more civilized clothes. Suddenly my cubicle doesn’t seem like such an outrageously small office space any more. It’s just fine with me – and quiet.
The whole experience was very stunning and impressive – though tiring, despite the only one hour length of the tour. The noise really got me!

Technology Storm – A Revolution in Full Swing

When you work in the computer technology field, as I do, it is sometimes hard to see the groundbreaking changes, the computer world is undergoing, since you’re just too close. Constant change is what you experience at work every day, so the major technology shifts are sometimes hard to see with all the pieces flying around every day. But I’m convinced that we’re currently living through the beginning of groundbreaking changes that will forever change how we think about and use computers. The advent of low power CPU processors in non-PC devices, combined with broadband internet conections (wired and wireless),  GPS technology, the massive deployment of virtualization technologies with cloud computing and the uprise of new OS platforms like Android, Apple iPhone OS and linux in every new incarnations, the technology world will never be the same.
Sun(now Oracle), Microsoft, Intel, Cisco – they all live in the middle of this storm and are struggling to find their new roles in this changed world.
By the time we’ve pieced all the pieces together, we’ll live in a world that is submerged in technology. Not one, but many computing devices will surround the average city dweller in the western world. A couple of years ago this was called ubiquitous computing, but it has become more than that. The PC will build the backbone of this media rich, always on, always connected world. Data will migrate with people wherever they go. Interestingly this revolution isn’t brought upon us by big brother, but by the willing consumer who perceives benefits in using all this technology at the price of giving up of virtues perceived of lesser value – like privacy. Only time will tell if this is the right trade-off.
Technology is continuing to become commodetized. Yesterday’s Woot (www.woot.com) had an Android Tablet up for grabs for $80! HP today advertises its latest laptop computer with i3, 4GB RAM, 320GB HD, a 15.6″ screen and Windows 7 (64-bit) for $519.
Fivehundred dollars! Who is still making money at these price points? But in technology there’s no turning back. The only way to survive is to out innovate the competition – to get ahead of the storm front, get out into the clear and start setting the pace, instead of following the competition.
That’s one of the reasons why you see Intel still pushing MeGoo (I think soon to be gone), HP its Tablet with proprietary WebOS, and Microsoft its windows phone.
Agreeing to one platform would admit failure and leave the big players in one pond with the only differentiating factor being price – a battle nobody wants to fight for long. Instead everybody prefers to push their own standards for as long as they can – even at the risk of the bigger downside of loosing all of the investment. The potential rewards are tremendous – just ask Apple.
Until the dust settles on this batttle, brace for a lot of churn!

And the possibilities are literally endless: we’re only seeing the beginning of social networking on the internet, cars only start to get IP connections, air traffic control is shifting to new technology, databases slowly migrate to electronic forms (i.e. healthcare), and of course the regulatory system along with the governments are struggling to make sense of all the changes. In all this there are fortunes to be made and lost on the way.

Bill Gates, who was for some time the richest man in the world has made his fortune within 25 years. He wasn’t able to hold on very long to stay there (a Mexican telecom tycoon holds currently this title), but the next technology wave will produce the next wealth leader. The next Microsoft won’t be Microsoft – or Cisco, or Intel. The revolution continues and the pace is accelerating – sit back and enjoy – but don’t forget to breathe!

Level of abstraction in electronics

When asked by a non-engineer what I’m doing for a living, I’m usually struggling to describe my work. I usually recind to asking them if they know Netbooks and that I worked on the CPU (“the brain”) for these.

But when an inquisitive mind is dissatisfied with this answer I usually tell them that I develop chips that work with elements just like relais. And on an abstracted level that’s true. It’s just that the layers of abstraction involved are many:

1) Transistor level (the switching element -> the relais)

2) Gate level (logic functions like AND/OR/NOT)

3) single bit storage elements like flip-flops as well as multiplexers

4) multilevel logic gate combinations, forming ADDERs, ALUs, SHIFTERS as well as memory blocks and register banks

5) memory subsystem blocks, like caches, translation tables

6) processor input/output cells

7) integrated systems with peripheries on chip (think network adaptor, external memory controller, graphics adapter)

8 ) PCB boards that mount these chips and connect them to external power

9) the final system: like netbooks, PCs, cell phones – the stuff you touch and use

I spent most of my time at work on items 2)- 5). While the chips we produce, consist of hundreds of million of transistors, on a basic level the still work with switches – not more and not less.

Netbooks

A while back I got myself an Asus EeePC. I got a linux OS device with 16GB SSD for quiet operation. I designed the floating point adder on the Intel Atom CPU and using the computer makese me smile every time. But the excitement wore off fast because of problems with my wireless network setup and browser problems. Soon I found myself using the MacBook instead of the Netbook for browsing. The latency for web access was just too painful. I also frequently got messages from blocked youtube videos which was very annoying. Quick web searches didn’t yield any useful results and the device was soon collecting dust under my bed.
Then I got sick and was tied to my bed for two days. That gave me a chance to study the idiosyncrasies of the Xandros installation. I started out by restoring the whole system to factory settings.
It turns out parental control was to blame for the slowness. All network accesses were filtered after being redirected through a hidden proxy server on the same machine.
For other EeePC users here’re the steps to remove the parental control:
Alt-Ctrl-t
In the new xterm:
Sudo bash
Apt-get remove dansguardian squid squid-common
Rm /etc/policycontrol/policy.conf
Reboot

After these steps you’ve freed the system from its filtering ties and can enjoy blazing fast web access.
I have dusted off the case now…

OS X open heart surgery

image

EFI-X revival attempts after 500GB HD crash. Thanks Seagate! Just google “7200.11”…

Fortunately we didn’t loose any data. But rebuilding the system and reinstalling all programs sucks enough.

I also lost all of my finely tweaked BIOS settings for my Q9650 Extreme, and now have to redo all that work.

Oh, well – could be worse, like XP 🙂

My Android 2.1 phone – Samsung Galaxy S

For the last couple of days I’ve been playing with my new Adroid phone. By now I’ve setup all email and calendar accounts, am tied into MrsM’s groceries list and can access shared storage. It continues to amaze me how powerful this little machine is and how many little apps make it so much more useful compared to how it came out of the box.

Installing apps is a breeze and many of them are still free. (Well nothing is really free in life, so they either show ads or record your usage pattern and transmit it to the provider). Giving up privacy is the big downside of becoming part of this massively connected world.

Here’s the list of apps that I’ve installed on my phone in addition or in lieu of pre installed apps:

  • Scientific Calculator
  • Weather Radar
  • OurGroceries (links to wife’s mobile and keeps lists in sync)
  • WordPress
  • Advanced Task Killer
  • Dropbox Filesharing
  • Movies (allows to manage netflix queue, research movies and to buy movie tickets)
  • Pandora (personalized internet radio)
  • Kindle (e-book reader)
  • Starbucks store locator
  • Barcode scanner
  • Unit Converter
  • EveryTrail GPS tracker
  • WeatherChannel app
  • Wall Street Journal reader
  • austincheapgas – locating low price fuel

The versatility of this device continues to amaze me. The beginning of a love affair…

Increasing complexity of Innovations

I’d like to share some observations about inventions and innovations. Lots has been written about it, whole books and long essays. Having worked in the high tech industry myself for over ten years now I have my own observations. Many of today’s innovations in the technology field are more like linear extensions of once revolutionary ideas. This is not to discount the achievements of the newer developments, but just to describe the amount or pace of progression. If you think back to one of the  early microprocessor designs like the i4004 you’ll find that the development complexity was fairly manageable for a small team of engineers (think 20). The challenge was the unknown market that such a design would find a usage for. It was a contracted design for a commercial calculator at that time, but engineers at Intel realized that it could be utilized in different markets as well.

Future generations of the processor introduced new instructions, even new concepts of memory management and many other improvements. Over multiple generations the design grew from 8080 over 80186, the 8-286, the 80386 to the 80486, where it evolved from the P54 Pentium to an out-of-order design called the P6, or Pentium Pro. This design improved over various generations to the Pentium II Processor, and the Pentium III Processor, spawning the consumer segment Celeron Processor line on its way. All this happened while the complexity rose from generation to generation by a magnitude (the Pentium II processor contains ~11 million logic transistors (this excludes the transistors for the L2 cache)). While the 8080 design team comprised of a handful of engineers, the P6 team consisted of more than 600 engineers at peak time. This poses a significant management challenge to bring such a complex design to market,

The point here is that during all these years of significant x86 or IA-32 architecture improvements, the complexity and along with it the engineering cost of such an innovation was growing exponentially. The recovery of this cost was only possible by stable or growing profit margins, along with growing markets. Over all these years Intel was enjoying a highly profitable x86 business.

From generation to generation the complexity of the micro-architecture  grew significantly to provide a compelling solution to the PC market. This increase in complexity was significant and posed a significant market entry barrier for new competitors.

The next generations of P4 processors introduced a new level of complexity with their trace caches for instructions. The next generation Core 2 architecture  introduced a level of high performance multi threading architecture and the i7 with a completely new bus interface amongst many other changes. 

All these achievements required a magnitude higher development effort over their predecessors. These engineering challenges can only be met by large corporations that already have experience in managing large team, in many cases in a cross site setting.

Unless the market is disturbed by a non-linear development of some kind that is not predicted or embraced by established competitors (see: “The Innovator’s Dilemma”), this vicious cycle cannot be broken. Innovation is key to break out of this loop, although many failures will pave the way to break out. Innovation comes from the right idea at the right time. Should one of the two ingredients fall short, the whole endeavor is doomed. Many failed start-ups illustrate this painfully.

Examples of failures: video phone, tablet PC, net PC, 3D video, speech recognition, to name a few.

My point I’m trying to illustrate is that there a plenty of good ideas out there. But unless the timing is right for cost and market, you’ll be unable to build a business around it. Also, forecasting the future is actually rather simple as long as you’re assuming a linear progression of existing or known technologies. With disruptive technologies, these predictions become utterly useless. And nobody can predict if the time for a disruptive technology has come, unless someone tries.

EFI-X bliss

This week I’ve reaped the benefits of running OS-X on a EFI-X converted quad core PC. After two years of storing video and picture  on this machine, we finally ran out of disk space. A quick decision was made to install another Terabyte hard drive. So I ordered one Monday from newegg.com for $85 and installed it two days later. Now the machine is again fully usable as the data hog of the family. Real Apple users would have had to pay for a qualified Apple SATA HD despite getting identical technology. Apple has an awesome business model, but it doesn’t directly benefit the end user price wise.